Manifolds and cell complexes Knot theory Example
Borromean rings
Example
Take three ellipses in the three coordinate planes of : They are pairwise disjoint. For instance, a common point of and has and . Then from and from , which is impossible. The other pairs are similar. So is a link with components, the Borromean rings. Any two of the components form the unlink of two components. For example, meets the plane only at , outside the region bounded by . So bounds a flat disk disjoint from , and it can be shrunk in that disk to a tiny circle far from . But the three components together cannot be pulled apart: the link is not equivalent to the unlink of three components.
Remarks
All three pairwise linking numbers are , so linking numbers do not detect the Borromean rings. Their nontriviality is detected by Milnor's triple linking number, or by the fact that their link group is not free. A nontrivial link in which removing any one component leaves an unlink is called Brunnian, and the Borromean rings are the simplest example. They have a diagram with crossings that is alternating. Their complement in carries a complete hyperbolic metric of finite volume, and it can be built from two regular ideal octahedra. Michael Freedman and Richard Skora showed that the Borromean rings cannot be built from three round circles.
Further reading
About this page
| Tag | WX1Z2F3DCB |
|---|---|
| URI | m2://WX1Z2F3DCB |
| Kind | example |
| Writing | W0 stub |
| MSC | 57K10 |
| Instance of | Link |
| Same as | |
| Changed | 2 November 2026 |
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