Math 2.0

Manifolds and cell complexes Knot theory Example

Borromean rings

Example

Take three ellipses in the three coordinate planes of ℝ3\R^3: C1={(x,y,0):x24+y2=1},C2={(0,y,z):y24+z2=1},C3={(x,0,z):x2+z24=1}.C_1 = \set{(x, y, 0) : \tfrac{x^2}{4} + y^2 = 1}, \quad C_2 = \set{(0, y, z) : \tfrac{y^2}{4} + z^2 = 1}, \quad C_3 = \set{(x, 0, z) : x^2 + \tfrac{z^2}{4} = 1}. They are pairwise disjoint. For instance, a common point of C1C_1 and C2C_2 has x=0x = 0 and z=0z = 0. Then y=±1y = \pm 1 from C1C_1 and y=±2y = \pm 2 from C2C_2, which is impossible. The other pairs are similar. So C1∪C2∪C3C_1 \cup C_2 \cup C_3 is a link with 33 components, the Borromean rings. Any two of the components form the unlink of two components. For example, C2C_2 meets the plane z=0z = 0 only at (0,±2,0)(0, \pm 2, 0), outside the region bounded by C1C_1. So C1C_1 bounds a flat disk disjoint from C2C_2, and it can be shrunk in that disk to a tiny circle far from C2C_2. But the three components together cannot be pulled apart: the link is not equivalent to the unlink of three components.

Remarks

All three pairwise linking numbers are 00, so linking numbers do not detect the Borromean rings. Their nontriviality is detected by Milnor's triple linking number, or by the fact that their link group is not free. A nontrivial link in which removing any one component leaves an unlink is called Brunnian, and the Borromean rings are the simplest example. They have a diagram with 66 crossings that is alternating. Their complement in S3S^3 carries a complete hyperbolic metric of finite volume, and it can be built from two regular ideal octahedra. Michael Freedman and Richard Skora showed that the Borromean rings cannot be built from three round circles.

Further reading

  1. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borromean_rings
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