General topology Exotic spaces and counterexamples Counterexample
Arens–Fort space
Builds on First-countable spaceSequential spaceConvergent sequenceHausdorff spaceNormal spaceClosure
Counterexample
Let , where , and call the -th column. Declare a set open if either , or and for all but finitely many the set is finite. This is the Arens–Fort space. It is a countable Hausdorff and normal space. The point lies in the closure of . But no sequence of points different from converges to . So it is not a sequential space and not first-countable.
Remarks
Every point other than is isolated, and every open set containing meets , so is in the closure. Let be a sequence in with infinitely many distinct terms, and let be the set of its terms. Suppose some column contains infinitely many points of , and remove these points from . The rest of misses infinitely many points of only one column, so it is an open set containing . Otherwise every column meets in a finite set, so is an open set containing . In both cases an open set around misses infinitely many terms, so the sequence does not converge to . A sequence with only finitely many distinct terms, all different from , stays outside the open set minus these terms. Thus is sequentially closed but not closed. An open set containing is also closed, since its complement misses , and each with is open and closed, so the space is regular. A countable regular space is Lindelöf, and a regular Lindelöf space is normal; this gives normality.
Reading path
To understand this page from the ground up, read these 7 pages in order. The foundations come first.
Show the path as a graph
- no evidence level
- Closure concept
- Convergent sequence concept
- First-countable space concept
- Hausdorff space concept
- Normal space concept
- Sequential space concept
- Arens–Fort space counterexample
Further reading
About this page
| Tag | FJ965C4QWA |
|---|---|
| URI | m2://FJ965C4QWA |
| Kind | counterexample |
| Writing | W0 stub |
| MSC | 54G20, 54D55 |
| Uses | First-countable space, Sequential space, Convergent sequence, Hausdorff space, Normal space, Closure |
| Changed | 2 November 2026 |
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