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Mechanics of particles and systems Definition

Generating function of a canonical transformation

Builds on Canonical transformationHamiltonian system

Definition

Let n≥1n \ge 1 and let (q,p)(q, p) and (Q,P)(Q, P) be old and new phase-space variables in ℝ2n\R^{2n}, with tt the time.

  1. A generating function of type 1 is a function F1(q,Q,t)F_1(q, Q, t) of class C2C^2 such that the matrix (∂2F1/∂qi∂Qj)\big(\partial^2 F_1 / \partial q_i \partial Q_j\big) is invertible. It generates the transformation (q,p)↦(Q,P)(q, p) \mapsto (Q, P) defined implicitly by pi=∂F1∂qi(q,Q,t),Pi=−∂F1∂Qi(q,Q,t).p_i = \frac{\partial F_1}{\partial q_i}(q, Q, t), \qquad P_i = -\frac{\partial F_1}{\partial Q_i}(q, Q, t).
  2. A generating function of type 2 is a function F2(q,P,t)F_2(q, P, t) of class C2C^2 such that the matrix (∂2F2/∂qi∂Pj)\big(\partial^2 F_2 / \partial q_i \partial P_j\big) is invertible. It generates the transformation defined implicitly by pi=∂F2∂qi(q,P,t),Qi=∂F2∂Pi(q,P,t).p_i = \frac{\partial F_2}{\partial q_i}(q, P, t), \qquad Q_i = \frac{\partial F_2}{\partial P_i}(q, P, t).

In both cases, the new Hamiltonian is K=H+∂F/∂tK = H + \partial F / \partial t, where FF is the generating function and HH is the old Hamiltonian.

Remarks

By the implicit function theorem, the invertibility condition makes the relations define (Q,P)(Q, P) as a function of (q,p)(q, p) locally. For each fixed tt the resulting map is a canonical transformation, since ∑ipi dqi−∑iPi dQi=dq,QF1\sum_i p_i \, dq_i - \sum_i P_i \, dQ_i = d_{q, Q} F_1 is exact, and taking dd gives ∑idpi∧dqi=∑idPi∧dQi\sum_i dp_i \wedge dq_i = \sum_i dP_i \wedge dQ_i. It maps solutions of the Hamiltonian system of HH to solutions of the Hamiltonian system of KK. Types 3 and 4 use the variables (p,Q)(p, Q) and (p,P)(p, P) in the same way.

Example: F1=∑iqiQiF_1 = \sum_i q_i Q_i gives p=Qp = Q and P=−qP = -q, the exchange of positions and momenta. Example: F2=∑iqiPiF_2 = \sum_i q_i P_i gives p=Pp = P and Q=qQ = q, the identity.

Non-example: for n=1n = 1, F1=q2+Q2F_1 = q^2 + Q^2 has ∂2F1/∂q∂Q=0\partial^2 F_1 / \partial q \partial Q = 0. The relations p=2qp = 2q and P=−2QP = -2Q do not define (Q,P)(Q, P) from (q,p)(q, p): they restrict (q,p)(q, p) to a line and leave QQ free.

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Further reading

  1. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generating_function_(physics)
About this page
TagD4TRNRC45C
URIm2://D4TRNRC45C
Kinddefinition
WritingW0 stub
MSC70H15, 70H20
DefinesGenerating function of a canonical transformation
UsesCanonical transformation, Hamiltonian system
Changed3 November 2026

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