Math 2.0

Number theory Example

Hurwitz quaternion order

Builds on Quaternion algebraOrder (ring theory)Algebraic number field

Example

Let η=2cos⁡(2π/7)\eta = 2\cos(2\pi/7) and let K=ℚ(η)K = \Q(\eta), the real cubic subfield of the seventh cyclotomic field, an algebraic number field with ring of integers ℤ[η]\Z[\eta]. The number η\eta is a root of t3+t2−2t−1t^3 + t^2 - 2t - 1. Let DD be the quaternion algebra (η,η)K(\eta, \eta)_K, with KK-basis 1,i,j,ij1, i, j, ij and relations i2=j2=ηi^2 = j^2 = \eta and ij=−jiij = -ji. Put τ=1+η+η2\tau = 1 + \eta + \eta^2 and j′=12(1+ηi+τj)j' = \tfrac{1}{2}(1 + \eta i + \tau j). The Hurwitz quaternion order is the ℤ[η]\Z[\eta]-order 𝒬Hur=ℤ[η][i,j,j′]\mathcal{Q}_{\mathrm{Hur}} = \Z[\eta][i, j, j'] generated by ii, jj and j′j'. It is a maximal order of DD.

A check that j′j' is integral: an element a+bi+cj+d ija + bi + cj + d\,ij of DD has reduced trace 2a2a and reduced norm a2−ηb2−ηc2+η2d2a^2 - \eta b^2 - \eta c^2 + \eta^2 d^2. So j′j' has reduced trace 11 and reduced norm 14(1−η3−ητ2)\tfrac{1}{4}(1 - \eta^3 - \eta\tau^2). Using η3=−η2+2η+1\eta^3 = -\eta^2 + 2\eta + 1 one finds ητ2=η2+10η+4\eta \tau^2 = \eta^2 + 10\eta + 4, so the reduced norm is 14(−4−12η)=−1−3η∈ℤ[η]\tfrac{1}{4}(-4 - 12\eta) = -1 - 3\eta \in \Z[\eta]. Hence j′j' satisfies the monic equation x2−x−1−3η=0x^2 - x - 1 - 3\eta = 0 over ℤ[η]\Z[\eta].

Remarks

The group of elements of reduced norm 11 in 𝒬Hur\mathcal{Q}_{\mathrm{Hur}}, modulo {±1}\set{\pm 1}, is isomorphic to the (2,3,7)(2,3,7) triangle group. Quotients of the hyperbolic plane by its principal congruence subgroups give Hurwitz surfaces, the compact Riemann surfaces with the largest possible automorphism group for their genus.

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Further reading

  1. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurwitz_quaternion_order
About this page
TagKM59PWHJHH
URIm2://KM59PWHJHH
Kindexample
WritingW0 stub
MSC11R52, 16H10, 30F10
Instance ofMaximal order
UsesQuaternion algebra, Order (ring theory), Algebraic number field
Same as
Changed2 November 2026

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