Math 2.0

General topology Continua and dimension theory Example

Lakes of Wada

Builds on PlaneOpen setConnected space

Example

The Lakes of Wada are three disjoint, connected, open subsets of the plane that all have the same boundary. They can be built from a closed square of land with three lakes of water in it. At step nn, each lake in turn is extended by a thin canal of open water that winds through the land. After the step, every point of the remaining land is within distance 2−n2^{-n} of each lake. The canals never meet each other, and the land left after each step is a nonempty compact set, so some land remains at the end. After all steps, each lake is the union of its stages, so it is open and connected. Every point of the remaining land is a limit of points of each lake, and the lakes are open and disjoint. So the remaining land is the boundary of each of the three lakes.

Remarks

The construction works the same way for any finite number of lakes. In contrast, a simple closed curve in the plane is the common boundary of exactly two regions, by the Jordan curve theorem. So the common boundary of the Lakes of Wada is not a simple closed curve; it is a continuum of a much wilder kind. The example is credited to Takeo Wada; an earlier construction of the same kind is due to L. E. J. Brouwer.

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  1. Connected space concept
  2. Open set concept
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  4. Lakes of Wada example

Further reading

  1. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakes_of_Wada
About this page
Tag3ENQE05H1H
URIm2://3ENQE05H1H
Kindexample
WritingW0 stub
MSC54F15, 54G15
IllustratesBoundary
UsesPlane, Open set, Connected space
Same as
Changed2 November 2026

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