Math 2.0

Manifolds and cell complexes Topological manifolds: basic notions Counterexample

Wild knot

Builds on KnotTopological embeddingHomeomorphism

Counterexample

A knot is a topological embedding K ⁣:S1→ℝ3K \colon S^1 \to \R^3. It is tame if there is a homeomorphism h ⁣:ℝ3→ℝ3h \colon \R^3 \to \R^3 such that h(K(S1))h(K(S^1)) is a closed polygon with finitely many sides; otherwise it is wild.

Let pp be a point of ℝ3\R^3. Take a sequence of small trefoil knots, of sizes tending to 00, placed one after the other along an arc that ends at pp. Tie them all into one closed curve that passes through pp, so that every neighbourhood of pp contains infinitely many of the small trefoils. The result is a knot, and it is wild. Every point of a polygonal knot has a small ball around it that meets the knot in one unknotted arc. A homeomorphism of ℝ3\R^3 carries this local picture along. At pp the knot has no such ball, because every small ball around pp contains whole knotted trefoils of the sequence. One shows that this local knotting cannot be undone.

Remarks

So not every topological knot is tame, and knot theory usually restricts to tame knots, for example to smooth or polygonal ones. The local flatness property at every point, which fails at pp, characterizes tame knots among topological ones. Wild knots and other wild embeddings, such as the Alexander horned sphere, are studied in the theory of wild embeddings.

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  1. Homeomorphism concept
  2. Knot concept
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Further reading

  1. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_knot
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Kindcounterexample
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MSC57M30, 57K10
UsesKnot, Topological embedding, Homeomorphism
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Changed2 November 2026

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