Math 2.0

Numerical analysis Definition

Aitken's delta-squared process

Builds on SequenceSeries acceleration

Definition

Let (sn)n≥0(s_n)_{n \ge 0} be a sequence of real or complex numbers. Write Δsn=sn+1−sn\Delta s_n = s_{n+1} - s_n and Δ2sn=sn+2−2sn+1+sn\Delta^2 s_n = s_{n+2} - 2 s_{n+1} + s_n. For each nn with Δ2sn≠0\Delta^2 s_n \ne 0, Aitken's delta-squared process gives An=sn−(Δsn)2Δ2sn.A_n = s_n - \frac{(\Delta s_n)^2}{\Delta^2 s_n}.

Remarks

Equivalently, An=snsn+2−sn+12sn+2−2sn+1+snA_n = \dfrac{s_n s_{n+2} - s_{n+1}^2}{s_{n+2} - 2 s_{n+1} + s_n}. Example: if sn=s+cλns_n = s + c \lambda^n with c≠0c \ne 0 and λ≠0,1\lambda \ne 0, 1, then Δsn=cλn(λ−1)\Delta s_n = c\lambda^n(\lambda - 1) and Δ2sn=cλn(λ−1)2\Delta^2 s_n = c \lambda^n (\lambda - 1)^2, so An=sn−cλn=sA_n = s_n - c\lambda^n = s for every nn. Non-example: for an arithmetic sequence such as sn=ns_n = n one has Δ2sn=0\Delta^2 s_n = 0, so AnA_n is not defined. A classical result: if sn→ss_n \to s, sn≠ss_n \ne s, and sn+1−ssn−s→λ\frac{s_{n+1} - s}{s_n - s} \to \lambda with λ≠1\lambda \ne 1, then (An)(A_n) accelerates the convergence of (sn)(s_n).

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  1. Sequence definition
  2. Real sequence definition
  3. Limit of a sequence definition
  4. Series definition
  5. Partial sum definition
  6. Series acceleration definition
  7. Aitken's delta-squared process definition

Further reading

  1. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitken's_delta-squared_process
About this page
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Kinddefinition
WritingW0 stub
MSC65B05, 40A25
DefinesAitken's delta-squared process
UsesSequence, Series acceleration
Changed2 November 2026

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