Math 2.0

Category theory; homological algebra Definition

Elementary theory of the category of sets

Builds on CategoryToposInitial and terminal objectsEpimorphismSubobject classifier

Definition

The Elementary Theory of the Category of Sets (ETCS) is the first-order theory of a category ๐’ฎ\mathcal{S} with the following axioms.

  1. ๐’ฎ\mathcal{S} is an elementary topos.
  2. ๐’ฎ\mathcal{S} is nondegenerate: its terminal object 11 is not an initial object.
  3. ๐’ฎ\mathcal{S} is well-pointed: for every two distinct morphisms f,gโ€‰โฃ:Xโ†’Yf, g \colon X \to Y there is a morphism xโ€‰โฃ:1โ†’Xx \colon 1 \to X with fโˆ˜xโ‰ gโˆ˜xf \circ x \ne g \circ x.
  4. ๐’ฎ\mathcal{S} has a natural numbers object (N,z,s)(N, z, s), as described below.
  5. Every epimorphism eโ€‰โฃ:Xโ†’Ye \colon X \to Y in ๐’ฎ\mathcal{S} has a section, a morphism mโ€‰โฃ:Yโ†’Xm \colon Y \to X with eโˆ˜m=idโกYe \circ m = \id_Y.

A natural numbers object is an object NN with morphisms zโ€‰โฃ:1โ†’Nz \colon 1 \to N and sโ€‰โฃ:Nโ†’Ns \colon N \to N with this property. For every object XX with morphisms aโ€‰โฃ:1โ†’Xa \colon 1 \to X and hโ€‰โฃ:Xโ†’Xh \colon X \to X there is a unique uโ€‰โฃ:Nโ†’Xu \colon N \to X with uโˆ˜z=au \circ z = a and uโˆ˜s=hโˆ˜uu \circ s = h \circ u.

Remarks

Example: the category ๐’๐ž๐ญ\mathbf{Set} of sets and functions, built in a model of ZFC, satisfies all five axioms. Its natural numbers object is โ„•\N with 00 and nโ†ฆn+1n \mapsto n + 1, and the sections come from the axiom of choice. Non-example: the category of sets with an action of the group โ„ค/2\Z/2 is a nondegenerate topos with a natural numbers object, but it is not well-pointed. Its terminal object is a one-point set, and a morphism 1โ†’X1 \to X is a fixed point of XX. On X=โ„ค/2X = \Z/2 with the action by translation there are no fixed points, so the identity and the swap of XX are distinct but agree on all morphisms 1โ†’X1 \to X. In ETCS an element of XX is a morphism 1โ†’X1 \to X, and the subsets of XX are classified by maps into the subobject classifier, which turns out to be 1+11 + 1. ETCS has no axiom schema of replacement.

Reading path

To understand this page from the ground up, read these 6 pages in order. The foundations come first.

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  1. Category concept
  2. Epimorphism concept
  3. Initial and terminal objects concept
  4. Subobject classifier concept
  5. Topos concept
  6. Elementary theory of the category of sets definition

Further reading

  1. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_theory_of_the_category_of_sets
About this page
TagB138JA6W20
URIm2://B138JA6W20
Kinddefinition
WritingW0 stub
MSC18B05, 03G30, 18A15
DefinesElementary theory of the category of sets
UsesCategory, Topos, Initial and terminal objects, Epimorphism, Subobject classifier
Changed2 November 2026

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