Math 2.0

Relativity and gravitational theory Definition

Kretschmann scalar

Builds on Pseudo-Riemannian manifoldRiemann curvature tensor

Definition

Let (M,g)(M, g) be a pseudo-Riemannian manifold and let RabcdR_{abcd} be the components of its Riemann curvature tensor in local coordinates. The Kretschmann scalar of (M,g)(M, g) is the smooth function K=RabcdRabcd=gaegbfgcggdhRabcdRefgh,K = R_{abcd} R^{abcd} = g^{ae} g^{bf} g^{cg} g^{dh} R_{abcd} R_{efgh}, with summation over repeated indices.

Remarks

The value of KK at a point does not depend on the coordinates, since it is a full contraction of tensors.

Example: for the Schwarzschild metric of mass MM, in units G=c=1G = c = 1, a computation of the curvature components gives K=48M2r6.K = \frac{48 M^2}{r^6}. At the horizon r=2Mr = 2M this is 3/(4M4)3/(4M^4), which is finite, while K→∞K \to \infty as r→0r \to 0.

Non-example: the Ricci scalar R=gacgbdRabcdR = g^{ac} g^{bd} R_{abcd} is a different invariant. For the Schwarzschild metric it is 00 everywhere, so it does not detect the curvature that KK detects.

In a Riemannian manifold K≥0K \ge 0, and K=0K = 0 exactly where the curvature tensor vanishes. In a Lorentzian manifold KK can vanish where the curvature does not, for example in plane gravitational wave spacetimes.

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  1. Pseudo-Riemannian manifold concept
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Further reading

  1. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kretschmann_scalar
About this page
TagHGQTBHFFFJ
URIm2://HGQTBHFFFJ
Kinddefinition
WritingW0 stub
MSC83C75, 53C50, 53B30
DefinesKretschmann scalar
UsesPseudo-Riemannian manifold, Riemann curvature tensor
Changed3 November 2026

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