Math 2.0

Operator theory Operator spaces and operator algebras Object

Algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space

Builds on Hilbert spaceOperator normHilbert space adjoint

Description

Let HH be a complex Hilbert space with inner product ⟨⋅,⋅⟩\ip{\cdot}{\cdot}. Let B(H)B(H) be the set of bounded linear operators T ⁣:H→HT \colon H \to H, with pointwise addition and scalar multiplication, composition as product, and the operator norm ∥T∥=sup⁡{∥Tx∥:x∈H,∥x∥≤1}.\norm{T} = \sup \set{\norm{T x} : x \in H, \norm{x} \le 1}. The involution is the adjoint T↦T∗T \mapsto T^*, defined by ⟨Tx,y⟩=⟨x,T∗y⟩\ip{T x}{y} = \ip{x}{T^* y} for all x,y∈Hx, y \in H. With these operations B(H)B(H) is a C*-algebra with unit the identity operator.

Check: B(H)B(H) is complete in the operator norm because HH is complete, and ∥ST∥≤∥S∥∥T∥\norm{S T} \le \norm{S} \norm{T}, so it is a Banach algebra. The adjoint is conjugate linear, satisfies (ST)∗=T∗S∗(S T)^* = T^* S^* and T∗∗=TT^{**} = T, and ∥T∗∥=∥T∥\norm{T^*} = \norm{T}. For the C* identity, ∥Tx∥2=⟨T∗Tx,x⟩≤∥T∗T∥∥x∥2\norm{T x}^2 = \ip{T^* T x}{x} \le \norm{T^* T} \norm{x}^2 gives ∥T∥2≤∥T∗T∥\norm{T}^2 \le \norm{T^* T}, and ∥T∗T∥≤∥T∗∥∥T∥=∥T∥2\norm{T^* T} \le \norm{T^*} \norm{T} = \norm{T}^2 gives the reverse inequality.

Remarks

If H=ℂnH = \C^n, then B(H)B(H) is the algebra Mn(ℂ)M_n(\C) of n×nn \times n complex matrices, and T∗T^* is the conjugate transpose. By the Gelfand–Naimark theorem every C*-algebra is isometrically ∗*-isomorphic to a norm-closed ∗*-subalgebra of some B(H)B(H). The algebra B(H)B(H) is also a von Neumann algebra: it is closed in the weak operator topology, and its commutant consists of the scalar multiples of the identity. If HH is infinite-dimensional, the compact operators form a proper closed two-sided ideal of B(H)B(H), and when HH is separable it is the only one other than 00 and B(H)B(H).

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Further reading

  1. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_operator
About this page
TagBMDG4JQPEH
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WritingW0 stub
MSC47B02, 46L05
UsesHilbert space, Operator norm, Hilbert space adjoint
Changed2 November 2026

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