Proof of Pascal's rule from the recursive definition
Builds on Binomial coefficient
Proof
- Let and be natural numbers.
- The binomial coefficient is defined by the recursion , and .
- The third clause of this definition, applied to and , is the equation .
Idea
In this wiki the binomial coefficients are defined by Pascal's rule itself, so the rule holds by definition. With other definitions, such as the factorial formula or the count of subsets, it needs a short computation or a counting argument.
Reading path
To understand this page from the ground up, read these 2 pages in order. The foundations come first.
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- Binomial coefficient definition
- Proof of Pascal's rule from the recursive definition proof
Where this leads
597 pages build on this one.
- Power series are differentiable inside the radius of convergence
- Natural logarithm
- Stars and bars
- Euler–Mascheroni constant
- The logarithm grows slower than any power
- Derivative of sine
- Lotka–Volterra equations
- Volume of a ball in R^n
- Hensel's lemma
- Recurrence for Bell numbers
- 1 + x is at most exp x
- exp z = 1 iff z is an integer multiple of 2πi
- Chernoff bound
- Residue at a simple pole
- Derivative of the complex exponential
- Maximal solution
- cos pi = -1
- Periodic orbit
- Vandermonde's identity
- sin x / x tends to 1
- Arguments add under multiplication
- Uniqueness of solutions for Lipschitz vector fields
- Angle addition formulas
- Flow of a vector field
- Inverse trigonometric functions
- Characteristic function of a sum of independent random variables
- Power series of sine
- The complex exponential is 2πi-periodic
- Reduction of order
- K5 and K3,3 are not planar
- Residue theorem
- Factorial formula for binomial coefficients
- Leibniz formula for pi
- Freshman's dream
- Integral of exp(-x) over the half line
- Variance of the normal distribution
- Pythagorean trigonometric identity
- de Moivre's formula
- Formula for the number of derangements
- Exponential of a sum of commuting matrices
- log x is at most x - 1
- Inverse hyperbolic functions
- Hockey-stick identity
- Galois field
- Integral of cosine
- The nth roots of unity
- Ptolemy's theorem
- Angle sum of a triangle
- Derivative of arctangent
- Number of edges of a complete graph
- Harmonic numbers grow like log n
- Phase plane
- Asymptotic stability
- Lucas–Lehmer test
- LaSalle's invariance principle
- De Moivre–Laplace theorem
- Solution formula for linear first-order equations
- Integral of the exponential function
- Power series of the exponential function
- cosh^2 - sinh^2 = 1
- Existence of Laurent expansions on an annulus
- Cauchy–Hadamard theorem
- Grönwall's inequality
- Möbius inversion formula
- Derivatives of the hyperbolic functions
- Young's inequality for products
- Derivative of the logarithm
- Mean of the Poisson distribution
- Power series of cosine
- Subfields of a finite field
- Eigenvalue method for linear systems
- Euler's identity
- Lyapunov stability
- Power series of the complex logarithm
- Mean of the normal distribution
- Liouville's formula
- Linearisation at an equilibrium
- Determinant of a matrix exponential
- The Möbius function is the inverse of the constant function 1
- Moment-generating function of the normal distribution
- Arcsine
- Solutions for complex conjugate roots
- Global existence for globally Lipschitz vector fields
- Weak law of large numbers
- Number of k-element subsets
- Hölder's inequality for sums
- Polar form
- Trajectory
- pi
- Hamiltonian system
- Euler product formula
- Hyperbolic equilibrium point
- exp(2 pi i/n) is a primitive root of unity
- Impossibility of doubling the cube
- Exponential growth beats polynomial growth
- Rouché's theorem
- The exponential function is convex
- Gaussian integral
- Strong law of large numbers
- Basel problem
- Number of nth roots of unity
- Primitive root theorem
- Blow-up in finite time
- Exponential of a sum
- Trigonometric substitution
- Limit cycle
- Binomial theorem
- Central limit theorem
- Hyperbolic cosine
- Poincaré–Bendixson theorem
- Impossibility of trisecting the angle
- The exponential function is its own derivative
- The gamma function extends the factorial
- e as the limit of (1 + 1/n)^n
- Inclusion–exclusion principle
- Heron's formula
- Grönwall bound
- Bertrand's ballot theorem
- The complex exponential is entire
- Continuous dependence on initial data
- Sum of the reciprocals of the factorials
- Inscribed angle theorem
- Derivative of arcsine
- Frobenius endomorphism
- General solution of an inhomogeneous linear equation
- Addition formulas for hyperbolic functions
- Solution space of a homogeneous linear equation has dimension n
- Angles in the same segment are equal
- Hyperbolic sine
- Integral of sine
- Fundamental system of solutions
- Solutions for distinct real roots
- Solutions for repeated roots
- Lyapunov's stability theorem
- Kuratowski's theorem
- Hyperbolic functions
- Logarithm of a quotient
- Sperner's theorem
- Euler method
- Ratio formula for the radius of convergence
- Residue
- Underdamped
- Weierstrass approximation theorem
- Estimate for approximate solutions
- Lifting-the-exponent lemma
- Laplace transform of a derivative
- Integral of 1/x
- Logarithm of a product
- Solving initial value problems with the Laplace transform
- General Leibniz rule
- Sum of binomial coefficients
- Stirling's formula
- The exponential function is strictly increasing
- Radius of convergence of the binomial series
- Derivative of x^a
- Quadratic formula
- Wronskian test for linear independence of solutions
- Fundamental matrix
- e
- Hyperbolic tangent
- Classification of equilibria of planar linear systems
- Principal part
- Closed formula for Catalan numbers
- Characteristic function of the normal distribution
- Discrete Grönwall inequality
- Exterior angle theorem
- Second Borel–Cantelli lemma
- Sum of independent normal random variables
- Angle-angle similarity
- Classification of isometries of the plane
- Sine is 2π-periodic
- The exponential function is positive
- Law of sines
- Argument principle
- The constructible numbers form a field closed under square roots
- Jordan's lemma
- Alternating sum of binomial coefficients
- Expectation with respect to the binomial distribution
- The exponential series has infinite radius of convergence
- Cumulant generating function
- Irrationality of pi
- Symmetry of binomial coefficients
- pi is greater than 3
- Arccosine
- Logarithm is the inverse of the exponential
- Exponential function
- Damped harmonic oscillator
- Wedderburn's little theorem
- Lucas's theorem
- Power-reduction formula for cosine
- Variation of constants formula for linear systems
- Hartman–Grobman theorem
- Derivative of tangent
- Pendulum equation
- Irreducibility of the cyclotomic polynomials over the rationals
- Stability of linear systems via eigenvalues
- Principal value of the argument
- First integral
- Hurwitz's theorem
- The degree of a constructible number is a power of two
- Moments are derivatives of the moment-generating function at zero
- Power series of arctangent
- Phase portrait
- Existence of finite fields of every prime power order
- Real exponentiation
- Derivative of cosine
- Fibonacci numbers as sums of binomial coefficients
- Logarithm of a power
- Kummer's theorem
- Improper integral of x^p on an unbounded interval
- Abel's identity
- Frobenius automorphism of a finite field
- Irrationality of e
- Integration by partial fractions
- Product of exponentials
- Volume of a ball in R^3
- Hoeffding's inequality
- Moment-generating function of a sum of independent random variables
- Forced oscillation and resonance
- Impossibility of squaring the circle
- Wallis product
- Multinomial theorem
- Poisson limit theorem
- Method of undetermined coefficients
- The principal logarithm is holomorphic off the branch cut
- Gauss–Wantzel theorem
- Variation of parameters
- Matrix exponential as the solution of a linear system
- Harmonic oscillator
- Sum of independent Poisson random variables
- Principal branch
- Existence of nth roots of complex numbers
- Pascal's rule
- Mercator series
- p-series test
- The logarithm is strictly concave
- Complex power
- Weierstrass factorization theorem
- Proof of the argument principle by the residue theorem
- Proof of Wedderburn's little theorem by the class equation and cyclotomic polynomials
- Proof of the description of the subfields of a finite field
- Sample average approximation
- Liénard's theorem
- Proof of the number of edges of a complete graph
- Proof of the Cauchy–Hadamard theorem
- Proof of the impossibility of doubling the cube
- Simple harmonic motion
- Proof that the binomial series has radius of convergence 1
- Stone–Weierstrass theorem
- Proof of the primitive root theorem
- Routh–Hurwitz theorem
- Proof of the integral of cosine
- Proof of the mean of the binomial distribution by direct summation
- Proof of the logarithm of a power
- Proof of the derivative of cosine by term-by-term differentiation
- Saccheri–Legendre theorem
- Proof that the complex exponential is its own derivative
- Proof of de Moivre's formula from Euler's formula
- Ergodic decomposition
- Proof that log x is at most x - 1
- Hellinger–Reissner principle
- Proof of the impossibility of squaring the circle
- Proof of the Leibniz formula for pi by integrating a finite geometric sum
- Proof of the derivatives of the hyperbolic functions
- Osgood uniqueness criterion
- Operational calculus
- Koksma–Hlawka inequality
- Proof of Abel's identity
- Riemann zeta function as a series
- Circle criterion
- Proof of the formula for the mean of the normal distribution
- L2 convergence of Fourier series
- Proof that (1 + x/n)^n tends to exp(x), by the binomial theorem
- Proof that the complex exponential is entire
- Convergence of the Neumann series for Volterra kernels
- Discretization of linear systems
- Proof that exponential growth beats polynomial growth
- Proof of the solution formula for linear first-order equations
- Center manifold theorem
- Mehta integral
- Proof of Young's inequality for products
- Proof of the solutions for complex conjugate roots
- Limit set
- Céa's lemma
- Anharmonic oscillator
- Weierstrass product for the gamma function
- Consistency of the maximum likelihood estimator
- Proof of Sperner's theorem by Lubell's chain counting
- Perron's irreducibility criterion
- Proof of the Wronskian test for linear independence of solutions
- Proof that the solution space of a homogeneous linear equation has dimension n
- Asymptotic equipartition property
- Phonon dispersion in lattices
- Proof of the number of k-element subsets by induction
- Volterra's principle
- Proof of Euler's identity
- Proof of the description of the nth roots of unity
- Proof of the formula for the number of derangements by inclusion–exclusion
- Littlewood–Paley inequality
- Vanishing mean oscillation
- Proof of the power series of sine
- Spectral decomposition theorem
- Finite Desarguesian planes are Pappian
- Gagliardo–Nirenberg interpolation inequality
- Bertrand's test
- Proof of the irrationality of e, after Fourier
- Proof of the integral of the exponential function
- Splitting circle method
- Source–channel separation theorem
- The exponential map from the additive reals to the positive reals
- Mertens' theorems
- Method of lines
- Proof that the constructible numbers form the smallest subfield of the complex numbers closed under square roots
- Comparison theorem
- Invariant set
- Proof that exp(2 pi i/n) is a primitive root of unity
- Weil conjectures
- Proof that the logarithm is strictly concave
- Kingman's subadditive ergodic theorem
- Shor's algorithm
- Finite element method in structural mechanics
- Lax–Milgram theorem
- McDiarmid's inequality
- Proof that the exponential series has infinite radius of convergence
- Asymptotic normality of the maximum likelihood estimator
- Typical set
- Ramanujan's series for 1/pi
- Proof that cos pi = -1 and sin pi = 0
- Brunt–Väisälä frequency
- Proof that K5 and K3,3 are not planar
- Proof of Kummer's theorem from Legendre's formula
- Weierstrass product
- Damping
- Edgeworth expansion
- Continuous functional calculus
- Gain and phase margin
- Bihari–LaSalle inequality
- Proof of the Lucas–Lehmer test
- Proof of the closed formula for Catalan numbers by the reflection principle
- Proof that the logarithm is the inverse of the exponential
- Proof of Liouville's formula
- Frullani integral
- Minimum total potential energy principle
- Gauss's test
- Proof of the derivative of the logarithm by the inverse function rule
- Log-convexity of the gamma function
- Linear multistep method
- Lorentz oscillator model
- Proof of the discrete Grönwall inequality
- Proof of the product formula for the moment-generating function of a sum of independent random variables
- Proof of Hoeffding's inequality via Hoeffding's lemma and the Chernoff bound
- Stiff equation
- Sobolev inequality
- Proof that the exponential function is positive
- Laplace transform methods in heat conduction
- Proof of Jordan's lemma by Jordan's inequality
- Proof of the Weierstrass approximation theorem
- Azuma's inequality
- Cyclotomic field
- Proof of the logarithm of a quotient
- Proof of the residue formula at a simple pole
- Melnikov method
- Geodetic triangulation
- Erdős–Kac theorem
- Proof of the residue theorem by subtracting principal parts
- Proof that there are exactly n nth roots of unity
- Euler's elastica
- Proof of the eigenvalue criteria for stability of linear systems via the Jordan normal form
- Real solutions from a complex eigenpair of a real matrix
- Proof of the de Moivre–Laplace theorem from the central limit theorem
- Non-vanishing of the zeta function on the line Re s = 1
- Inverted pendulum
- Euler–Maruyama method
- Proof that the complex exponential is 2πi-periodic
- Liénard equation
- Standard conjectures on algebraic cycles
- Monte Carlo integration
- Delta method
- Proof of the Chernoff bound
- Proof of the derivative of arctangent
- Proof that the degree of a constructible number is a power of two
- Proof of the formula for the variance of the normal distribution
- Proof of the power series of cosine
- Logarithmically convex function
- Proof of the sum of independent Poisson random variables by the multinomial theorem
- Anosov flow
- RLC circuit
- Proof that the principal logarithm is holomorphic off the branch cut
- Nyquist stability criterion
- Heteroclinic orbit
- Proof that the logarithm grows slower than any power
- Proof of the angle addition formulas by differentiation
- Proof of the Euler product formula
- Shannon–Hartley theorem
- Proof of Vandermonde's identity by induction
- Approximation of a kernel by degenerate kernels
- Proof that exp z = 1 iff z is an integer multiple of 2πi
- Proof that moments are derivatives of the moment-generating function at zero
- Proof of Lyapunov's stability theorem
- Proof of the general solution of an inhomogeneous linear equation
- Proof of Bertrand's ballot theorem by reflection
- Proof of the estimate for approximate solutions by a first-crossing argument
- Matsubara frequency
- Proof of the sum of independent normal random variables by characteristic functions
- Proof of the symmetry of binomial coefficients from the factorial formula
- Proof of the angle sum of a triangle with sines and cosines
- Proof of the irreducibility of the cyclotomic polynomials by reduction modulo primes
- Comparison sort lower bound
- Reduction of a first-kind Volterra equation to the second kind
- Proof that the exponential function is strictly increasing
- Proof of the sum of binomial coefficients from the binomial theorem
- Proof of the power-reduction formulas
- Floquet theory
- Proof of the alternating sum of binomial coefficients from the binomial theorem
- Proof of the central limit theorem by characteristic functions
- Sackur–Tetrode equation
- Proof of Hölder's inequality for sums
- Berry–Esseen theorem
- Parametric oscillator
- Hardy–Littlewood–Sobolev inequality
- Proof of the derivative of arcsine by the inverse function rule
- Proof of the derivative of tangent by the quotient rule
- Furuta pendulum
- Proof of the existence of nth roots of complex numbers
- Proof of Rouché's theorem by the argument principle and continuity
- Birkhoff's ergodic theorem
- Laplace transforms of sine and cosine
- Proof of the law of sines from the law of cosines
- Proof of the inclusion–exclusion principle by counting each element
- Runge–Kutta methods
- Proof of the power series of the complex logarithm
- Poincaré map
- Hölder's inequality
- Poincaré inequality
- Q factor
- Proof of the volume of a ball in R^n by slicing
- Korn's inequality
- Proof of the variation of constants formula for linear systems
- Proof of stars and bars by a bijection with subsets
- Density of trigonometric polynomials in continuous functions
- Differentiable dependence on parameters
- Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion
- Structural stability
- Random vibration
- Hadamard factorization theorem
- Viète's formula
- Ideal chain
- Kharitonov's theorem
- Poincaré–Bendixson theorem for a bounded region without equilibria
- Homoclinic bifurcation
- Duality of Lp spaces
- Random vibration
- Compactness of integral operators
- Proof of the freshman's dream
- Galois group of a finite field extension
- Galerkin method
- Proof that 1 + x is at most exp x
- Proof of the formula for the characteristic function of the normal distribution
- Bernstein inequalities
- Perfect field
- Proof of the factorial formula for binomial coefficients by induction
- Minkowski inequality
- Proof of the second Borel–Cantelli lemma
- Proof that sin x / x tends to 1 as a derivative at 0
- Proof of the recurrence for Bell numbers by the block of the last element
- Proof of the hockey-stick identity by induction
- Oseledets theorem
- Veblen–Young theorem
- Proof of the product of exponentials by the Cauchy product
- Proof of Ptolemy's theorem by complex numbers
- Commutative Gelfand–Naimark theorem
- Fourier basis of L2 of the circle
- Hyperbolic set
- Parametric oscillator
- Symplectic integrator
- Proof of global existence for globally Lipschitz vector fields by steps of uniform length
- Proof of the binomial theorem by induction
- Proof of the formula for the Laplace transform of a derivative by integration by parts
- Jentzsch's theorem on positive kernels
- Proof of the Poisson limit theorem
- Nörlund–Rice integral
- Proof of Heron's formula from the law of cosines
- Proof of cosh^2 - sinh^2 = 1
- Noisy-channel coding theorem
- Proof that angles in the same segment are equal
- Bifurcation theory
- Proof of the existence of finite fields of every prime power order
- Proof of Hensel's lemma by Newton steps
- Duhamel's principle
- Proof of the power series of arctangent by integrating a finite geometric sum
- Anharmonic oscillator
- Proof of the volume of a ball in R^3 from the n-dimensional formula
- Generalized Lotka–Volterra equation
- Proof of the impossibility of trisecting the angle
- Proof that harmonic numbers grow like log n
- Annihilator method
- Proof that sine and cosine are 2π-periodic with smallest period 2π
- Bohr–Mollerup theorem
- Proof of the derivative of sine by term-by-term differentiation
- Flory–Huggins solution theory
- Proof that the exponential of a sum of commuting matrices is the product of the exponentials
- Elastic pendulum
- Proof of the solutions for repeated roots
- Proof of the derivative of x^a by the chain rule
- Liouville's theorems on elliptic functions
- Proof of Grönwall's inequality
- Proof of the solutions for distinct real roots
- Proof of angle-angle similarity with the law of sines
- Proof of the lifting-the-exponent lemma for odd primes
- Iterated exponentiation
- Hu–Washizu principle
- Mild solution
- Proof of the general Leibniz rule by induction
- Heun's method
- Hubbard–Stratonovich transformation
- Proof of the existence and uniqueness of the principal value of the argument
- Proof of the mean of the Poisson distribution
- Proof of continuous dependence on initial data by Grönwall's inequality
- Noncommutative geometry
- Proof of the polar form of a complex number
- Phase space
- Proof of the integral of sine
- An infinite product converges iff its series of logarithms converges
- Axiom A
- Proof that arguments add under multiplication
- Proof of the exponential of a sum by the Cauchy product
- Proof of the Möbius inversion formula
- Proof of the existence and uniqueness of Laurent expansions on an annulus
- Ladyzhenskaya–Babuška–Brezzi condition
- Proof of Stirling's formula by a monotone sequence and the Wallis product
- Duffing equation
- Kapitza's pendulum
- Proof of the Pythagorean trigonometric identity by differentiation
- Kelly criterion
- Proof that the exponential function is its own derivative, by term-by-term differentiation
- Liénard–Chipart criterion
- Proof of the power series of the exponential function
- Trigonometric integrals
- Proof that Fibonacci numbers are sums of binomial coefficients, by Pascal's rule
- Magnus expansion
- Proof that the Möbius function is the inverse of the constant function 1
- Bertrand's theorem
- Proof that the matrix exponential solves a linear system
- Basel problem via Fourier series
- Proof of the Gauss–Wantzel theorem
- Exponential stability
- Perfect closure
- Proof of the Mercator series by term-by-term differentiation and Abel's theorem
- Spherical pendulum
- Jury stability criterion
- Laplace transform of an integral
- Proof of the formula for the moment-generating function of the normal distribution
- Pesin theory
- Reptation
- Duhamel's principle for heat conduction
- Proof that the determinant of a matrix exponential is the exponential of the trace
- Proof that the gamma function extends the factorial
- Impossibility of the classical construction problems
- Van der Pol oscillator
- Stable manifold theorem
- Unique solvability of Volterra equations of the second kind
- Proof of the ratio formula for the radius of convergence
- Proof of the p-series test by Cauchy condensation
- Proof of the weak law of large numbers by characteristic functions
- Anosov diffeomorphism
- Laplace transform of the exponential function
- Proof of the multinomial theorem by induction on the number of terms
- Stability conjecture
- Inclusion–exclusion formula for elements with none of the properties
- Monte Carlo methods in finance
- AKS primality test
- Proof of the product formula for the characteristic function of a sum of independent random variables
- Gain scheduling
- Function of exponential order
- Barnes G-function
- Proof of the addition formulas for hyperbolic functions
- Hill differential equation
- Proof of the logarithm of a product
- Proof of the Wallis product by integrals of powers of sine
- Rellich–Kondrachov theorem
- Proof of the integral of 1/x
- Integer factorization
- Proof that pi is greater than 3 by the alternating series estimate
- Proof of the classification of isometries of the plane
- Proof of Lucas's theorem by generating functions
- Worm-like chain
- Niven's proof of the irrationality of pi
- Morrey's inequality
- Chudnovsky algorithm
- Limiting proportion of derangements
- Diversity index
- Normal form
- Proof of the inscribed angle theorem by complex numbers
- Proof that the exponential function is strictly convex
- Proof of Hurwitz's theorem by Rouché's theorem
- Proof of the exterior angle theorem from the angle sum
- Residue calculus for Laplace inversion
Further reading
- Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal's_rule, lead section
About this page
| Tag | EDF0ZJF141 |
|---|---|
| URI | m2://EDF0ZJF141 |
| Kind | proof |
| Writing | W0 stub |
| MSC | 05A10 |
| Proves | Pascal's rule |
| Uses | Binomial coefficient |
| Changed | 4 November 2026 |
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